Pros And Cons Of Situation Ethics - 1790 Words

Pros of Situation Ethics Situation ethics avoids the impersonal, black and white, right and wrong ways of thinking of other forms of ethics. Situation ethics is more responsive to circumstances and cultural traditions. Actions should respect individuals and communities. Ethical decisions are handled one at a time based on a particular situation. Cons of Situation Ethics Many people believe that situation ethics means no ethics at all because it always â€Å"depends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢ There’s no universal truth. †¢ Results are unpredictable; there’s a lack of consistency from one situation to the next. †¢ Situation ethics may allow acts that are destructive to others if those acts result in a greater good to the community. Practice Exam Most ethicists†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Stealing. Forms of stealing include shoplifting, embezzling, or taking the property of others without permission. Many individuals download digital files without paying, buy a dress only to return it a day after wearing it to the party. A survey by Harris Interactive showed that more than half of office workers pilfered (stole) office supplies. Other terms like pinching, snitching, lifting, and filching are used to soften the infraction. †¢ Harming. Physical harming is the use of or threat to use violence against another person. It’s the third type of ethical compromise. Examples include selling a car with brake problems to an unsuspecting buyer, or driving while impaired, or working for a chemical company that poisons the ground water in a community. Ethics in Business There are hundreds of books about business ethics. University business schools have courses devoted to the need for business leaders to establish and enforce strong ethical standards. All of the experts in the field agree that company’s ethical behavior is heavily influenced by top management. And it’s up to top management to require training to internalize ethics. As the following case studies show, top management often gives exactly the wrong signals for employee behavior. Dieselgate In 2011, Volkswagen was the world’s largest automaker, with brands from Audi to VW to Porsche. Volkswagen was the proud marketer of â€Å"clean diesel† cars. But the company, starting inShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Ethical Systems872 Words   |  4 PagesSystems In ethics, four systems serve as different beliefs concerning our morals: Relativism Ethics, Consequentialism Ethics, Deontological Ethics, and Virtue Ethics. These four theories attempt to define what right and wrong should be and how one should handle any situation. There are many strengths and weaknesses of each view. The goal is to determine which theory is the best by exploring real world situations and questioning the claims that just don’t work out. RELATIVISM ETHICS There are twoRead MoreUsing Ex Cons to Teach Business Ethics Essay634 Words   |  3 Pagescorporations were found to require more ethics training resources due to a number of large scandals were booming into the public eye. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 and the revision of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines created new rewards and repercussions to corporations providing more ethics training programs. The less ethics training offered by a corporation, the more severe the punishment would be or wrongdoing. Using ex-cons as a tool to teach ethics came to be a new growing profitable opportunityRead MoreVirtue Ethics Approach Essay examples1017 Words   |  5 PagesIdentify the main pros and cons of a virtue ethics approach? The virtue ethics approach is a theory that suggests that people are judged via their character, not specific actions. An individual who has developed good character traits (virtues) is judged as a morally good person. 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The American Nurses Association code of ethics (2015) states, â€Å"Nurses must be alertRead MorePros And Cons Of Having A Professional Code Of Ethics1683 Words   |  7 PagesPros and Cons of Having a Professional Code of Ethics Introduction A professional code of ethics acts as a guide concerning ethical conduct in a given profession. However, over time, it has been termed as an impediment to intellectual and moral developments. This way or another, there are advantages as well as disadvantages that emanate from applying the professional code of ethics depending on the context of practices. For this reason, this paper discusses both sides: positive and negative effectsRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Drone Warfare1703 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment of a new version of ethics. This approach develops the notion that allows for the throwing out of what is right and what is wrong, and dictates that cost is more important. By this it assumes that the killing of a potential terrorist is more important than the lives of the innocent. The consequentialist concept and the ethics of duty give two approaches of how ethics view this new approach of warfare. The similarities and difference promote a version of ethics that can be viewe d as the moreRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesResource A discusses how ethics is crucial in business. There are three key ideas used to understand this. Firstly, making ethically wrong decisions tend to cause more upset than other general mistakes as purposeful unethical actions are not as easily forgiven or forgotten. Secondly, ethics provides businesses with a broader understanding of everything to do with their business. Business ethics is effectively just business it its larger human context. Thirdly, being unethical can tarnish the publicRead MoreAssignment #3: Conflict Management and Negotiations1282 Words   |  6 PagesNegotiation and Conflict Resolution Dr. Joaquin M. Angles 11/28/2010 1. Outline the actions you would take to address major communication issues in a situation. Explain how these actions would improve the effectiveness of communications during the negotiation. The first action I would take to address major communication issues in a situation is to ask manageable questions. â€Å"Questions are essential elements in negotiations for securing information; asking good questions enables negotiators toRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership Theory940 Words   |  4 PagesManager are the one who introduced this theory (Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory, 2010-2015). The principle behind this theory is that every theory is not perfect in itself and the effectiveness of the theory is determined by the situation (Kreitner, 2013, p. 472). One of the important lesson that I have learned till this day is no one can be prepared for the upcoming problems. Problems may have same nature but may be different in the way it has to be solved. For instance: A LeaderRead MoreSample Resume : Healthcare Management1202 Words   |  5 Pages one must do their research and gather not only information on the company, but their perspective on the matter. To sa y the least, this decision cannot be made in one night. My professor presented in the course a case study pertaining to business ethics. In this particular case study, it examined a recent graduated named Ramonda Alexander that needs to be advise on whether or not sign a contract with the company Next Step Herbal Health. Miss Ramonda decision would need a spiritual and ethical perspective

The Crucible by Arthur Miller - 966 Words

In the 17th century a group of Puritans migrated from England to America - the land of dreams - to escape persecution for their religious beliefs. Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is based on the real life witch hunts as well as his own experience with the anti-communist campaign in the United States during the 1950s. In the 1692 Salem, Massachusetts the superstition of the existence of witches existed and the inhabitants of the town were Puritans who followed the Bible in a very strictly. A small group of powerful people wrongly accused and killed many people out of their own fear, ignorance, jealousy, or vengeance is a main point in the play. An abundance of people in Salem believed or pretended to believe the show the girls put on from what they felt was the Devil’s work.The Salem witch hysteria would not have occurred if the people of the town did not follow the rules of their religion as severely as they did. The townspeople in Salem had the same mentality as the townspeople in Beauty and the Beast since both people did not think for themselves and believed someone else. The character Gaston in the Beauty and the Beast makes the people in the town crazy to kill the Beast simply because he felt that the Beast was evil, when he wasn’t, none of the townspeople felt that way until Gaston shared his feelings on the matter. The majority of the town believed anything that officials of the court, or those higher up in the town had said throughout the witch hysteria which isShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a did actic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. 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The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experiencesRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. 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Children and Families in Social Environment †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Children and Families in Social Environment. Answer: Introduction Encom Motorcycles, a manufacturer of motorcycle based in Japan who designs a chargeable electric motorcycle which is a battery powered one. They have successfully launched their product in Japan and now bearing in mind the exporting of product to United States. In this regard the report is being made to advice Encom Motorcycles the pertinent opportunities and threats in a political based environment, the important opportunities and threats which relates to demographics, socio-cultural differences in United States, the technological issues or developments that may affect the venture. The relative research has been made in accordance and analyse the mentioned opportunities and threats involved in exporting the product in US, various threats which may affect the venture to make sure the proposed idea of venture is prove to be beneficial for the company or not. The methods and models involve while forecasting for the venture are discussed in the report with the help of given lectures wit h the assignment (Jang et al., 2014). Lastly conclusion has been drawn whether the idea of exportation in United States is of relevance or not. The political factor involve in an industry setup plays an important role as it decides the future aspects of an industry in that country. There is different political system which exists in every country and they change frequently by the time. Their political setup has effective rules of law which seems to be fair, flexible and transparent. So it makes it easier for the foreign industries to give a thought about exportation in United States. The policies made are influenced by its massive political factor and economic factor; these factors can range from corruption to various uncertainties in regard to tax, legislation, terrorism etc. Due to such factors it attracts criticism from international industries as these affects the global policymaking by dominant factors which directly relates to war. Such circumstance increases the threat of terrorism and sours the foreign relations which ultimately create misunderstanding between countries (Booth, 2015). The opportunities in the political regulatory environment that may affect Encom Motorcycles exportation is that United States political policies are much fair and transparent that it doesnt create any ruckus to foreign investors even to give a second thought about investing in the country. The transparency gives a clear thought of what can affect elements of industries in various areas also the measures can be professed regarding corruption which helps in drawing out surveys where areas of corruption can be spotted and market policies can be interpreted depending upon the legal system as a whole (Grant, 2016). Threats and risks present in political regulatory that can interfere with the business operations of Encom Motorcycles in United States. These risks hard to quantify and carry unpredictable probabilities and are categorized into capital controls, government intervention, terrorism, tax and civil disturbances. These political risks will then evaluated on the basis of their level of intensity that how much they affect business. These risks are categorized below: These are different elements of political risk which includes tax discrimination as it affects a companys return on investment, few unfavourable policies which affect marketing strategies. The policies may affect the daily operational activities and the businesss start-up costs, taxes, standards, employment law and contract enforcement. The tax implications on Encom Motorcycles in US are a safe haven. US tax laws are encouraging for foreign manufacturers as at times they provide tax free interest to foreign manufacturers. The capital gains from their investment might be tax free or can subject to 15% rates of tax. But on the other hand these laws can be prove to be a tax trap for those manufactures who are not well advised in tax forms. There is graph which denotes the tax implications for a manufacturer in United States it defines how taxes would have an impact on cost of the goods, its effect on production, taxes effect the pricing of products in the country, it enables the manufacturers to forecasts their money to be raised while commencing the business and its overall welfare effects. US tax laws are lenient towards foreign investors in manufacturing industries as they allow them liberal tax policies and treaties to avoid double taxation but they need to be dealt in a professional manner in order to avoid traps and complexities which cannot be understood by casual personnel but take advantage of the policies which offers tax benefits to manufacturers. Opportunities and Threats relating to demographics and socio-cultural environment Basically the need to understand a markets nature and how the social combinations change by the time being in. The demographic statistics taken of an average person in terms of income, sex, age, religion etc. these variables decides the potential markets for foreign companies that where to target and position their product (McFarlin, 2014). Markets are not same between and within countries so the assumptions made in the context wont be of any help. There is a need to study properly the demographics and prepare sample data which covers all the variables affecting market, the study gives a clear idea that what product should be offered to each class of people and the target market (Garbarino, 2017). In United States the reality of demographics is its youth or being more specific is its future and has a long way to go in terms of diversification. The nations changing demography provides foreign manufacturers a greater connectivity in US economy. The fundamental increase in population leads to economic growth and create many opportunities in business terms as demographics taught business to distribute their channels by targeting customer on variable basis for example if Encom Motorcycles target customer on the basis of income then they need to make a survey and consider sets of distribution of income starting from lower level of income to higher level so it makes easier for the manufacturer to understand the factors and make marketing strategies accordingly (Ahorlu, 2015). Whereas the socio-cultural and demographics in Japan has multi-ethnic background as compare to united states where the population is being judged by racial background and ethnics. The percentage of number of immigrants has been increased over the years. The aging population is also counted as a current issue which attracts foreign labour to add in the workforce of the country. Just like America, the Japanese people also live a high standard of living and most part of the population is considered to be the part of middle class. But there is a drawback in there socio-cultural environment is when studies shows the satisfaction and happiness in life of Japanese is relatively low as compared to other developed countries. There are slight discrimination against the ethnic minorities in Japan. Lastly on the technology part, Japan is one of the top country who has succeeded in the race of providing the best tech products in the industry. The above graph shows the percentage of the income of households and individual therefore as per the sample data it is to be considered that the youth of the country is growing and gains a larger portion of the income group this concludes, manufacturer should target the said group who has higher average income. The changing demographics also comes as threat in the market it forces people to draw from their savings and liquidate their finances, this whole situation ultimately leaves a picture of bad economy and no future prospects for foreign manufacturers to invest in the country (Blanchard, 2015). Talking about the socio-cultural system in United States who promises to be rich in social and cultural environment, their aging population, and diversity in workforce, high standard of living, and low rates in infant mortality these are the salient features of socio-cultural environment. The opportunities in American culture would be its individualism and egalitarianism where the concept of individualism basically emphasizes on personal achievement and initiative (Gupta, 2014). This culture is all about independence which is of high value there and it comes as an advantage for foreign manufacturers to settle up their business. An another concept is of equality, despite there are many differences in the society but equality is still maintained in social relationships as their beliefs are in having equal obligations and rights, opportunities. The hierarchy is maintained at all levels which is also an opportunity for business to export in United States (Falkner 2017). Threats involved in socio-cultural environment in United States are majorly facing problems in aging population which will lead to shortage of labour and in near future rise in tax rates. Increase in illegal immigration and racial prejudice is of serious concern (Kenter, 2015). Americans tend to have communication more often directly and openly, this straight forward nature in business terms come as a rude behaviour for foreign investors because they are unaware of such culture therefore it reduce the chances of investing in such country whose culture are much complex in nature to adjust and fails to position their product into the market (Jacquet, 2014). Opportunities and Threats in Technology issues and developments In terms of technology and innovation United States have marked their success in the economy. They are leading in adapting updated technology in their business day to day operations and that is why US is facing such strong competition from other economies. The forecasts have been made in this instance that it will continue to position itself in competency with the latest technology and enhance in the areas of development of technologies namely biotechnology, nanotechnology and environmental, resultant it will open up various opportunities for domestic as well as foreign companies to grow higher than expected. There is an intense competition from developing countries like India and China where technological developments are sky rocketing (Christensen, 2013). US is facing this competition and have embarked their success with the time being in. Many theories have been formed regarding innovation in technologies to simplify the process applications namely: Disruptive innovation: It provides convenience, simplicity in products which could be easily affordable and accessible, simple words they have struggled as a result of disruptive innovation. Hybrid innovation: It is a combination of new and old technology which represents a nourishing innovation to the old one. Open innovation: Here when companies face problems in innovation they outsource individuals to provide solutions for the particular problem (Coccia, 2017). Americans have tapped into more transparent approach of technology to overcome challenges in the economy. The goals are clear as they engage public to use technology effectively in order to promote innovation and welcome the opportunities to grow in the global market. They have enhanced the principle of clean technology in the economy by transforming the consumers access to data into electric consumption of power which is of great advantage in this scenario for Encom Motorcycles as their product is electric motorcycles which is proving to align with the objective of empowering consumers to technologic advancements (Mullin, 2014). There are always pros and cons of taking risks in business operations, here technology also carry a dark side attached with it. Those are cyber security, IP theft and destroying old business models in order to innovate. Being in a foreign country and understanding its complex nature of business operations and prepare marketing strategies accordingly is itself a big task for foreign manufacturers additionally entering into the competition of innovation and adapting technology to mark their position in market successfully. The risk it carries with it is of biggest issue that a company can face and it has adverse effects even in the earlier stage of business. The security and theft issue has major effects on company who is new to the market, it creates difficulty to capture segments of customer who they want to target and their objective is being disillusioned. The risk of huge investments it carries can impose threats to foreign manufacturers (Stevens, 2013). As per the graph stated the results, the increase in crimes in recent years have reached a level which is unexplained to companies and they are continuously forming strategies to cope up with such issues in adapting technology in their day to day activities of business operations (Zimmerman, 2016). But these strategies are not much of help as cyber-crimes are on high peak and increasing day by day making it difficult to mitigate these risks and left with no option but to face the consequences so the level of difficulty is higher in case of foreign manufacturers as they are unaware of the technological culture in America (Wheelen, 2017). Other market considerations After conducting PESTEL analysis on United States in lieu with exportation of electric motorcycles with a purpose to decide whether to undertake the venture in United States or not. The opportunities and threats have been analyzed of each factor who would have affected the thought of establishing venture in United States. The reason that why investors choose US to invest in, there business friendly environment and quality of technology, the vast infrastructure and labour force factors. The diversity and open innovation approach attracts foreign investors to seek their place in market. America has known to be a renowned leader in Research and Development and get registered the international patents as compare to other countries. Companies adapt innovation techniques to compete within the country and flourish the economy by growing continuously in a manner. As per the analysis, the results are positive as well as negative. The political factor shows the intensity of politics included i n business environment and how flexible and transparent the political regulatory is, which open up ways to establish a venture in market. There are no hard and fast rules or regulations formed for foreign manufacturers to understand and follow up the same, every country has its own complexities in their political regulations and so does America has but on the same hand it has influence over global policymaking with an effective setup of laws and regulations which are considered to be of transparent and fair in nature. The negative aspect in political environment is its criticism faced internationally for its foreign relations on War on Terror which gives rise to the threats of terrorism in the country. The demographics and socio-cultural factor has explained how product can be sold in the market and which customer segment is to be targeted. In America where culture is rich and the growing young population is easy to understand and their preferences. As per the study it is known fact that the culture is friendly and flexible in nature but changing fast with the time being that how they focus on their personal achievement by setting their own individual goals. In context with nature consumers of America seems to be of straight forward and can say no when so ever such circumstance arise. The straight forward nature can be of negative prospect for business as it seems to be rude to foreign manufactures who are unaware of this behaviour on consumer part. Lastly, technology factor is studied where it is found out that America is one of the recognized leaders who adapt latest technology in their business operations to compete with other technology driven countries (Hoberg, 2014). Few other market considerations are accessing the methods and areas of innovation in their product in order to target customer segments based on their taste and preferences. Innovation is the way to capture a bigger share in global economy by competing with other countries and adapt updated technology but only after studying thoroughly the risks associated with such innovation and form mitigation to remove those risk at an earlier stage so that they wont create any issues further, although it sounds as an impossible task to do, with proper study regarding innovation techniques and how they align with the existing environment in country would make the task much more easier as it seems to be (Hamilton, 2015). The guidelines must be followed to get well versed with the culture, demographics, politics and government intervention which will help in reducing the risk involve in investing in the country. By building relationships in the mean time before setting up business in foreign countr y will be helpful and doing proper research of the market, customer segments to set up prices and interpret things affecting their marketing strategies. Lastly, the costs and duties involved in exportation of goods in America is to be measured. This factor can decide whether to undertake this venture in United States is of benefit or not. After considering all the variables in the study it is concluded that exportation by Encom Motorcycles in America can prove to be a beneficial investment so it should go for setting up the venture in United States, if proper guidelines and the updated technical know-how is being followed. The changing demographics and culture gives a positive sign to greater future growth of the company. References Ahorlu, C. K., Pfeiffer, C., Obrist, B. (2015). Socio-cultural and economic factors influencing adolescents resilience against the threat of teenage pregnancy: a cross-sectional survey in Accra, Ghana. Reproductive health, 12(1), 117. Blanchard, E. G. (2015). Socio-cultural imbalances in AIED research: Investigations, implications and opportunities. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 25(2), 204-228. Booth, S. A. (2015). Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Christensen, C. M. (2013). The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail. Harvard Business Review Press. Coccia, M. (2017). The source and nature of general purpose technologies for supporting next K-waves: Global leadership and the case study of the US Navy's Mobile User Objective System. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 116, 331-339. Falkner, R. (2017). Business power and conflict in international environmental politics. Springer. Garbarino, J. (2017). Children and Families in the Social Environment: Modern Applications of Social Work. Routledge. Grant, R. M. (2016). Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Gupta, V. K., Goktan, A. B., Gunay, G. (2014). Gender differences in evaluation of new business opportunity: A stereotype threat perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(2), 273-288. Hamilton, L., Webster, P. (2015). The international business environment. Oxford University Press, USA. Hoberg, G., Phillips, G., Prabhala, N. (2014). Product market threats, payouts, and financial flexibility. The Journal of Finance, 69(1), 293-324. Jacquet, J. B., Stedman, R. C. (2014). The risk of social-psychological disruption as an impact of energy development and environmental change. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 57(9), 1285-1304. Jang, W. S., Lee, D. E., Choi, J. H. (2014). Identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to TOT and divestiture business models in China's water market. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2), 298-314. Kenter, J. O. (2016). Shared, plural and Cultural Values. Ecosyst. Serv. 21, 175183. McFarlin, D., Sweeney, P. D. (2014). International management: strategic opportunities cultural challenges. Routledge. Mullin, B. J., Hardy, S., Sutton, W. (2014). Sport Marketing 4th Edition. Human Kinetics. Nye Jr, J. S. (2016). Bound to lead: The changing nature of American power. Basic Books. Sadgrove, K. (2016). The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Saebi, T., Lien, L., Foss, N. J. (2017). What drives business model adaptation? The impact of opportunities, threats and strategic orientation. Long range planning, 50(5), 567-581. Stevens, R. E., Loudon, D. L., Nykiel, R. A. (2013). Marketing Your Business: A Guide to Developing a Strategic Marketing Plan. Routledge. Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D. (2017). Strategic management and business policy. Pearson. Zimmerman, E. (2016). Introduction. In Think Tanks and Non-Traditional Security (pp. 1-15). Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Novel vs. Book free essay sample

This year we had the chance to read Everything is Illuminated by Jonathan Safran Foer, and we also watched the film adaptation directed by Liev Schreiber. Being able to see the two settings helps out to compare the two, see the differences between the novel and the movie. It is very important to mention that the movie definitely changed the perspective of the story we initially read due to the adaptations that were done by Schreiber. Even though, we did not read the whole book in class, a few differences can be brought out from what we read and saw regarding to this novel and movie. Everything is Illuminated is a novel written by Jonathan Safran Foer. This book was published in 2002, and due to its success, Liev Schreiber decided to adapt and direct the film with the same name, which was released in 2005. The movie starred Elijah Wood, Eugene Hutz, and Boris Leskin. We will write a custom essay sample on Novel vs. Book or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The movie and the book varied greatly with the differences, and especially the adaptations changed the end of the movie completely. The settings of the book and the movie are completely different. The book is a set of letters written by both Alex and Jonathan, while the movie is focused in the dialogue they have in their adventure through Trachimbrod trying to find Augustine. In the movie, they did not explore Trachimbrod as much as they did in the book. The same characters that are in the book appear in the movie but there are a couple of losses when it comes to the characters personalities. The very first difference that can be seen is that in the book Jonathan is a writer looking for the woman who saved his grandfather, while in the movie he is actually a collector with the same mission. It is understandable that this change was done because the viewers would not have read any of the thoughts of his thoughts, and they rather used some sort of symbolization about how every single thing he collects have a especial meaning to him. Another thing that has been lost in the film adaptation is the growth in Alex’s character. In the book, we read an Alex who transforms from this funny immature broken-English speaking Ukrainian to a more considerate and mature young man, who even stands up to his abusive dad. It is a great loss character because this growth is one of the most important things that are appreciated in the book. It is a shame that it was not part of the movie because it would have been nice to how he transform from a kid to young man. Alex is not the only one who grows a character though; Grandfather does too. When t comes to Grandfather, it is when we face the biggest changes between the book and the film. In the book, Grandfather is a man who abhors Jewish people and even gave up his Jewish best friend to the Nazis in order to save his family. He even feels bad after, for saving the life of whom now abuses his own children, causing them trouble and those â€Å"bruises†. In the movie, Grandfather is a Jewish man who escaped death by the hands of the Nazis and lived the rest of his liv e in Ukraine pretending not to be Jewish. Also, the death of Grandfather was totally unexpected. Right after they met Lista, he committed suicide. Things should have been different when it comes to his growth as a character too. In the movie, the essence of Grandfather being a good person and feeling sorry is lost. It is bothersome to see how the movie differed greatly from the book, especially because the movie ends in the concept of a united family, and Jonathan Safran Foer did not write that at all. He emphasized Alex’s growth and showed how he stood up against his dad, who abused him and Little Igor. Alex became the figure of power and the one his brother will look up to. The fact that the movie did not capture that it is a great flaw from their part. Both Jonathan Safran Foer and Liev Schreiber did a good job; each of them portrayed something different with their piece of work. The movie is greatly criticized by the differences from the book but Schreiber had the courage to change things up a little and see it turned out. Liev Schreiber and Jonathan Safran Foer, both emphasized history as the theme of the plot and it worked perfectly as almost the only similarity the novel and the film adaptation had.

Essay on READING AND WORK OF ART ANALYSISEssay Writing Service

Essay on READING AND WORK OF ART ANALYSISEssay Writing Service Essay on READING AND WORK OF ART ANALYSIS Essay on READING AND WORK OF ART ANALYSISIn the article Modernity and the Spaces of Femininity written by Griselda Pollock, there is much important information on the role of women in the construction of modernism. According to the author, â€Å"Modernity is presented as a far more than a sense of being â€Å"up to date.†1 The spaces of femininity take a special place in the representation of modernism in art. Modernity deals both with male and female sexuality, but there is a close relationship between modernism, modernity and sexuality. Griselda Pollock is focused on the analysis of the art pieces, which reflect the use of different spaces to place females for the proper art analysis. There are several important arguments made by the author of the article in relation to the role of the spaces of femininity in modernism and modernity.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, the author states that â€Å"sexuality, modernism or modernity cannot function as given ca tegories to which we add women.†2 From the masculine point of view, women are presented as the other because of social difference that plays an important role in gender relations. Artists use different dimensions of space. Mary Cassatt and Berthe Morisot are the most important impressionist female artist of the 19th century. They both use the female perspective to depicted the woman and the female’s life. Therefore from the representation of Mary Cassatt and Berthe Morisot’s work; in most of their painting, they use â€Å"dining rooms, drawing rooms, bedrooms, balconies/verandas, private gardens† to portray the female’s leisure life. From this painting, we are evidently seeing the limitation of the space and location in the female’s life. From the female impressionist artist, the space and location that allowed them to make art are mostly in the domestic space and private area. They do not have the equality as the male artists, the females we re having the lower social status compare to male. Specially in the art practice therefore their home and their private area are immediately becoming the location and the subject matter of the domestic social life from their genre painting. From the later discussion in the article, the appearance of women participated in the public activity. Such as the female’s appear in the theater scene, we are seeing the females are often being sat in the backstage, they do not have the chance to view it in a close distance which same as the male. Therefore in here the issue of the female and male’s unequalled social status still occurred, there are still the difference between female and male in the social class.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second, the author states that â€Å"femininity is not the natural condition of female persons.† 4 Women are represented as a sign or a confection of fantasies that â€Å"they are positioned as the object of the flaneurà ¢â‚¬â„¢s gaze.†The freedom of the male by looking, they have the freedom by looking at women in any space and any location. For example in the western tradition art, the male artist traditionally use female nudity subject in their painting, to satisfy male’s taste, and gives pleasure to the viewers. The artists use female images to highlight the role of female identity in the assessment of male superiority.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Third, The inequality right for women’s lower social class. There were not protection for women, therefore the dangerous concern of women enter in the public space â€Å"such as the masked ball or the cafe-concert constituted a serious threat to a bourgeois woman’s reputation,etc.† The dangerous position and the lower social class of female in the society, therefore the male is free to do anything they want, to satisfy themselves, where the female’s bodies can be exchange, etc. Here strongly pres ents the lower position of the female and the power of masculine in the society.Also Griselda Pollock argues that â€Å"femininity in its class-specific forms is maintained by the polarity virgin/whore which is mystifying representation of the economic exchanges in the patriarchal kinship system.†5 Therefore the money and property influence human relations, especially marriage relations. As a result, it is necessary to assess femininity as the ideology of female sexuality.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, the author states that the spaces of femininity have a strong impact on women’s lives as they reflect the roles of women, their status and the effects of their sexuality.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Eva Gonzeles’s paintingâ€Å" A Box at the Italian Theatre†, we are seeing the depiction of a woman sitting in the centre accompanies by a man standing next to her. In this painting, it did not clearly showed the difference and inequality of female and male due to the argument in space from the reading. In here, the woman is being depicted in a public area, in the Italian Theatre; therefore the difference between the women’s domestic life from the reading has been changed. From the viewer’s perspective the female and male are staging in the same space, therefore there are not the inequality of the women between men that they were being placed in the backstage to view the show. This two figures are being depicted in the same horizontal line, but their gaze is different. The female figure are looking straightly at the viewer, but the male is turning his body and looking at the different way. With the provided information in the painting, we notice that the woman is straightly looking at the show but the man is totally looking at other things. In here, the painting clearly examine the â€Å"splitting of private and public with its double freedom for men in the public space, and the preeminence of a detached observing gaze, etc.â⠂¬  With the contrast between the two figure’s facial expression, there are no much facial expression in the female figure, she seems very concentrate by looking at the stage. But with the male figure’s pose, he lays back and his elbow are resting on the velvet. He seems very relaxing by looking at some other things, the difference between women and men in crowd are distinctly presenting in here. The freedom of men in any space, any location and the freedom of male’s gaze. They have the right to look at any things at any time in any space. Unlike the women, â€Å"they were never positioned as the normal occupants of the public realm.† Therefore in this painting, although the female and male figures are being placed in the same position but the existence of unfairly and the inequality’s social status between men and women still occurred in this painting.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Pollock’s article of Modernity and the Spaces of Femininity and the E va Gonzales’s painting, both clearly present the unequal treatment, social inequality and the social discrimination between men and women in the 19th century society.

English Idioms and Expressions Using As...As

English Idioms and Expressions Using As...As The following idioms and expressions use the construction as ... as. Each idiom or expression has a definition and two example sentences to help the  comprehension of these common idiomatic expressions with as ... as. Once you have studied these expressions, test your knowledge with  these two quizzes (Common Idiomatic Phrases Quiz 1  and  Common Idiomatic Phrases Quiz 2) to see if youve mastered these common idioms yet. as bad as all that Definition: As bad something appears to be It isnt as bad as all that. Youll be fine tomorrow.Losing the game isnt as bad as all that. as big as life Definition: An exaggerated way to state that someone appeared in a particular place. There I saw him as big as life!John came in the room and stood there as big as life. as black as pitch Definition: Very dark I couldnt see a thing in the room because it was as black as pitch.I cant see a thing. Its as black as pitch. Get a flashlight. as blind as a bat Definition: Very bad eyesight Hes as blind as a bat. You can believe what he says.That ball was in! Youre as blind as a bat! as busy as a beaver / as busy as a bee Definition: Very busy I was as busy as a bee over the weekend. I got a lot done.Hes always as busy as a beaver. I wonder if he ever takes a break. as clean as a whistle Definition: Very clean That car is as clean as a whistle now that youve washed it.I like to keep my desk as clean as a whistle. as clear as crystal Definition: Very clear and understandable Let me be as clear as crystal. Hurry up!She was as clear as crystal about her intentions. as cool as a cucumber Definition: Calm and not nervous You have to remain as cool as a cucumber to be successful.I stayed as cool as a cucumber as finished the exercise. as crazy as a loon Definition: Very crazy Shes as crazy as a loon. You cant believe a word she says.I wouldnt worry about his opinion, hes as crazy as a loon. as dead as a doornail Definition: dead Thats as dead as a doornail. Forget about it.The project is as dead as a doornail. as easy as pie Definition: Very easy Youll find the exercise is as easy as pie.This game is as easy as pie. as far as possible Definition: As much as possible Ill see what I can do as far as possible.She went as far as possible in trying to get the project approved. as flat as a pancake Definition: Very flat Kansas is as flat as a pancake.Make sure the table is as a flat as a pancake. as free as a bird Definition: Feeling very free and care easy Our children are away for the weekend so were as free as a bird.I used to feel as free as a bird when I was younger. as good as done Definition: Almost done The job is as good as done.Were almost ready to begin. The cake is as good as done. as happy as a clam Definition: Very happy and content Im as happy as a clam living in Portland.She seemed as happy as a clam yesterday. as hard as nails Definition: Cruel and very hard Hes as hard as nails with his staff.Dont work for her. Shes as hard as nails. as hungry as a bear Definition: Very hungry Do you have a sandwich? Im as hungry as a bear.When we arrived I was as hungry as a bear. as innocent as a lamb Definition: Without guilt Theres no way she could have done that. Shes as innocent as a lamb.Hes only pretending to be as innocent as a lamb. as mad as a hatter Definition: Crazy Dont believe anything he says. Hes as mad as a hatter.They threw him out of court because he was as mad as a hatter. as old as the hills Definition: Very old My aunt is as old as the hills.That car is as old as the hills. as plain as day Definition: Simple, clear The facts are as plain as day.What you need to do is as plain as day. as pleased as punch Definition: Very happy with something Hes as pleased as punch with the new boss.Shes as pleased as punch with her new car. as quiet as a mouse Definition: Very quiet, shy She sat in the corner and was as quiet as a mouse at the party.Can you believe that he was as quiet as a mouse when he was a boy? as right as rain Definition: Genuine and true Yes, thats as a right as rain!She feels his views are as right as rain. as sick as a dog Definition: Very sick My brother is at home as sick as a dog.Im feeling as sick as a dog. I think I need to go home. As sly as a fox Definition: Smart and clever She understood the situation and used it to her advantage because shes as sly as a fox.Dont trust him because hes as sly as a fox. as soon as possible Definition: At the earliest moment possible Could you reply to my request as soon as possible.Ill get back to you as soon as possible with the information. Once you have studied these expressions, test your knowledge with quiz testing idioms and expressions with as ... as. You might also be interested in looking at forty common English idioms and expressions.

Multicurrency decision Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Multicurrency decision - Speech or Presentation Example I would suggest that it is more prudent and viable to reject the offer, because there is a 71% probability to earn the amount of profit rather than the bank's offer.Question6HSBC'S offer for payment of $2,150,000 in return of revenue in local currency is a good offer because it gives Corvette an average return. In addition Corvette would directly change the types of liabilities and assets it holds, to enter into financial contracts and shift some of the IRR they have to other Companies or investors who are better capable to manage themQuestion7The Corvette's the sales manager is more risk averse because he is more opposing the risk because the future is uncertain and unpredictable with random occurrence therefore the known should be accepted. And if fluctuation happens further in exchange rates and the Company may loose a lot. Question8Management dead-lock: Like in the case of disagreement on whether to accept the HSBC offer, this may causes the Company to loose business.The bank des cribes its value at risk as the loss that happens at the 5th percentile of the unsure inflow. Regulatory bodies repeatedly make use of a slightly more complex adaptation of gap analysis to approximation the level of IRR banking institutions and for the whole banking industry.Question 9 The idea that money available at the three months' time is more   worthier than the same amount due   in the future to its potential earning capacity. This chief principle of finance maintains that the sooner money is received.

Emergency Room Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emergency Room Education - Essay Example Emergencies in hospitals are now highly regarded for treatment of sicknesses and emergency cases. Even families with personal physicians would usually bring their members to emergency treatment. Physicians also refer their patients who are in emergency situations to the nearest emergency facility. (Annas, 1992, p. 50) 2. When should we access emergency room? Emergency room, emergency department or trauma department – these all provide a successful health care. Having access to emergency room or emergency department of a hospital is part of health care that should be provided to any citizen. It’s a fact that everyone on this planet may encounter emergency situations, especially medical emergencies, and to be prepared for any eventuality, having access to an emergency room is part of the health care the state should provide. A state or community that can provide emergency room or emergency health care even to poor citizens has a very good health care and should be commend ed. Everyone should have access to emergency health care and this includes the emergency room or the emergency department of a clinic or hospital. Accessing emergency room should be an important first step to patient care in an emergency. All emergency cases should be provided emergency room or the emergency department of a hospital. Without this access, ED personnel such as nurses and physicians cannot provide emergency treatment. Moreover, important emergency equipments should be provided in the emergency room so that any emergency case can be effectively acted upon. Trauma patients require immediate emergency rooms or emergency departments. Many hospitals have improved their trauma care departments, for example, there is the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) manual. This is a... This paper approves that health care providers should be responsible enough to prevent the spread of disease. The simplest way of preventing the transfer of microorganisms is by washing of hands. This simple way can help eliminate the spread of diseases. Routine washing of hands before doing the daily routine in school and offices and especially in hospitals should be done to protect one’s self and the people around us from the transfer of microorganisms. This essay makes a conclusion that emergency room, emergency department or trauma department – these all provide a successful health care. Having access to emergency room or emergency department of a hospital is part of health care that should be provided to any citizen. It’s a fact that everyone on this planet may encounter emergency situations, especially medical emergencies, and to be prepared for any eventuality, having access to an emergency room is part of the health care the state should provide. A state or community that can provide emergency room or emergency health care even to poor citizens has a very good health care and should be commended. Everyone should have access to emergency health care and this includes the emergency room or the emergency department of a clinic or hospital. Accessing emergency room should be an important first step to patient care in an emergency. Health and safety hazards in hospitals and emergency clinics should be assess to avoid accidents on the patients and health care providers. Health workers also face considerable health and safety risks. Assessing the situation, identifying the possible risks, and applying remedies before accidents happen, could help in reducing injury and applying adequate health care.

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay Explore Dickens approach to the theme being a gentleman in key extracts of Great Expectations with particular reference to the social, historical and cultural influences of the text. What is a gentleman? A typical gentleman in modern day society is perceived as an alien concept. In 1463, a gentleman was defined as a man of rank but in 1583 a gentleman was said to be as a man of superior position or a man of leisure. However, in 1852 a gentleman was described as a wealthy man with no occupation. Yet, the traditional view of a gentleman was a man of gentle birth, a noble man who was not royalty, and a man of distinction. The first time we see Dickens use an instance of being a gentleman is in Chapter One through Pips attitude towards the convict. As Magwitch orders Pip around, yelling Tell us your name! Quick! Pip surprises us by responding in a much more polite manner than we would expect of someone in this situation. We notice a difference in dialect here; Magwitch is rough and has a very harsh voice, whereas Pips is much more refined. This suggests that Dickens created Pip with an underlying sense of being a gentleman from the start, but Pip believes himself to be more common. At home, Pips sister has brought him up in accordance with the very traditional notion of children should be seen and not heard. This could be a factor that has led to Pips politeness. However, she does not believe him to be as well-behaved and mannerly as he is. This is evident when she calls him naturally vicious. When the convict is found, Joe is called to help catch him. Pip goes along with him, and in this chapter we realize where Pip gets his decency. Joe has a simple dignity and compassion, and by caring for the convict and getting him what he needs, we notice that Pip shares these characteristics. Pip was worried that they would find the convict and his role would be discovered, but we see that Magwitch does not betray Pip when he is caught. This could suggest that there is to be other encounters with him later on, and that the convict does not want to be on unfriendly terms with Pip. In Chapter Seven Pip is invited to play at Miss Havishams, yet he does not understand why. She is a rich lady and before he goes he is thoroughly cleaned. This shows that they are a typical working-class family in Victorian times. At Miss Havishams we again witness Pips gentility. He responds to her using Maam. He is a young boy who could be excused for talking to her as he would to anybody else, but he again shows how he has the potential to be a gentleman. Also, throughout the book he speaks to all his elders in this way. This shows the respect he has, and how he has been brought up well. However, we do not see any politeness from Miss Havisham. We are also introduced to Estella, the young girl who was adopted by Miss Havisham. Her name means star, which is quite ironic. Miss Havisham has trained her to break hearts, and Pip is the boy Estella is to practice on. Pips gentility shows again when, after Estella is cruel towards him, he forgives her. He is so in love with her that her beauty makes him forget her unpleasantness. His love for her develops so much that he wants to ask her out, but he feels he is not good enough for her because he is poor.

Government is Best which Governs Least :: essays papers

Government is Best which Governs Least I heartily accept the motto, "That government is best which governs least"; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe--"That government is best which governs not at all"; and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which the will have. Government is at best but an expedient; but most governments are usually, and all governments are sometimes, inexpedient. The objections which have been brought against a standing army, and they are many and weighty, and deserve to prevail, may also at last be brought against a standing government. The standing army is only an arm of the standing government. The government itself, which is only the mode which the people have chosen to execute their will, is equally liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. Witness the present Mexican war, the work of comparatively a few individuals using the standing government as their tool; for in the outset, the people would not have consented to this measure. This American government--what is it but a tradition, though a recent one, endeavoring to transmit itself unimpaired to posterity, but each instant losing some of its integrity? It has not the vitality and force of a single living man; for a single man can bend it to his will. It is a sort of wooden gun to the people themselves. But it is not the less necessary for this; for the people must have some complicated machinery or other, and hear its din, to satisfy that idea of government which they have. Governments show thus how successfully men can be imposed upon, even impose on themselves, for their own advantage. It is excellent, we must all allow. Yet this government never of itself furthered any enterprise, but by the alacrity with which it got out of its way. It does not keep the country free. It does not settle the West. It does not educate. The character inherent in the American people has done all that has been accomplished; and it would have done somewhat more, if the government had not sometimes got in its way. For government is an expedient, by which men would fain succeed in letting one another alone; and, as has been said, when it is most expedient, the governed are most let alone by it.

Biological and Cognitive Development Essay

Developmental psychology studies the changes and how such changes occur over a course of an individual’s life events. It seeks to understand the changes that are universal, the changes that occur regardless of the individual’s culture or experiences. Moreover, it also seeks to understand why and how individual differences occur – why some people respond one way in a particular situation while others respond quite differently. Further, developmental psychology is particularly concerned with the process by which behavior changes during an individual’s lifetime. By studying biological and cognitive development, psychologists and humanity hope to better understand, predict, and modify an individual’s behavior. BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Biological development refers to the changes in the body and brain from the moment of conception to old age. This development greatly influences people’s behavior. Three of these biological-related events are prenatal, from childhood to adolescent, and adult to aging. In prenatal development, the individual grows from a single fertilized egg cell, known as the zygote to an infant with billions of specialized cells. This period is divided into 3 stages: namely, the germinal, embryonic, and fetal changes. In the germinal stage, the zygote has become a small mass of cells; in the germinal stage, the fetus` brain and heart begin to develop, arms and legs appear, limbs and critical internal organs are rapidly developing; and in the fetal stage, the fetus` respiratory system has developed. So at the end of prenatal period, an individual have grown from a single cell into an amazingly complex individual who, on average, is about 20 inches long and weighs about 7. 5 pounds. The brain during the prenatal development begins to develop between the second and third week after fertilization, and by 3. 5 weeks a primitive nervous system is present. By the time of birth, virtually all of the approximately 100 billion neurons in the human brain are already present (Cowan, 1979). In the child development, an individual is like a virtual growing machine. By the age of 2, the average child is about 70 % taller than at birth and nearly 400 % heavier (Eichorn, 1989). As a rule of thumb, girls grow tall to about half their adult height by 18 months of age while the boys by the age of 2. Between the ages of 2 and 5 years, physical growth slows dawn and then levels off at a relatively steady rate until adolescence. The beginning of adolescence is also the onset of sexual maturation or puberty. The usual sequence of changes that occur during sexual maturation for girls are the following: breasts and pubic hair begin to develop and the onset of menstruation. For the boys, the first signs of puberty are the growth of penis and testes and the appearance of pubic hair. These early signs of sexual maturation take place during a rapid increase in height, muscle size and strength especially for the boys with growth peak at about the age of 14 years old. The girls on the other hand have their growth peak at 12 years old. However, boys grow taller than girls on average. But the growth of different parts o f the body is not uniform during the growing years. Physical growth ceases, on average, at about 18 years of age in girls and 20 years of age in boys. However, biological development does not stop until the end of life. The brain also grows rapidly during this period. At birth, the brain is about 25 % of its adult weight and size. By the age of 2, it has grown to about 75 % of its adult weight. Although all of a person’s neurons are present at birth, the number and complexity of the connections among neurons increase substantially after birth (Parmelee and Sigman, 1983), and this increase is partly responsible for the growth in brain size. Further, the increased neural connections and the development of myelin make possible more and more complex behavior and thought as an individual grows. In some areas of the brain, these developmental changes continue until adulthood (Parmelee and Sigman, 1983). The adult and aging life events are basically a declining stage. A variety of biological developments takes place as people age, including redistribution of body fat, decrease in bone mass, and decrease in muscle size and speed of contraction. Biological changes progress into old age. Many elderly people actually become shorter, partly because they slump and partly because of a decrease in bone mass. Muscle size and speed of contraction also decrease. Aging also takes its toll on internal body organs. The heart muscles become weaker, blood flow decreases, and breathing capacity continues to decline. Physical performance also declines. According to Stones and Kozma (1985), â€Å"these bodily changes are paralleled by declines in physical performance with age†. Beginning at about age 30, a person’s physical speed, strength, and endurance decline at an average rate at about 1. 5 % a year. The brain also continues to change biologically with age (Creasey & Rapoport, 1985). It decreases in size and weight, and some areas of the brain lose 50 percent or more of their neurons, specifically at the age of 50, with an average decrease of 2 % of brain volume every 10 years thereafter (Miller, Altson, and Corsellis, 1980). These age-related changes in the brain undoubtedly contribute to deteriorations of sensory, motor, and cognitive function. But just like biological changes in the body, these age-related changes in the brain are averages – the actual amount of change varies considerably from person to person. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Cognitive development refers to the changes in knowledge about the world or specifically, it refers to the development of sensation and perception, of the ability to learn, to reason, and to solve problems. Just like biological development, cognitive development continues from birth through old age. The three cognitive-related events that I would like to discuss are newborn infants, childhood and aging. In infants, cognitive development begins from the moment of birth as they begin interacting with and gathering information about the world. They have all the rudimentary sensory abilities such as; they can see objects, can tell the different shapes and patterns but can’t change their focus very well. Their vision rapidly improves over the first six months to a year, although it may be several years until it is fully mature. Moreover, infants can also hear at birth but their threshold of hearing is higher and can’t discriminate well between sounds than adults. As with vision, an infant’s hearing improves rapidly over the first year, although it will be several years before it is fully mature. Further, infants have a well-developed sense of taste (Cawart, 1981) as they can discriminate among different tastes; they can also smell and react to different odors; and their sense of touch is particularly well-developed. Infant’s motor behavior consists primarily of reflexes such as rooting, sucking, and grasping. These reflexes gradually give way to coordinated voluntary actions, such as sitting and walking. On the other hand, infant’s can learn from the moment of birth. They show habituation, a simple form of learning where they stop responding to a repeated stimulus. They also learn through operant conditioning, which is making a particular response that brings about either reward or punishments. Although newborn infants can learn, they do not learn as readily as older children as their memory is not as good as that of adults. Children’s cognitive development theory is most influenced by Jean Piaget. He believed that people acquire knowledge by interacting with the world and that they construct knowledge through assimilation, which is incorporating new information and accommodation or modifying old information. He further proposed a series of four stages of cognitive development, where he described children’s basic intellectual abilities sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. According to Piaget, these stages represent qualitatively different ways of thinking that occur relatively and abruptly and in the same sequence for all children. Though many psychologists challenged and modified Piaget`s theory, arguing that cognitive development is not really stagelike, its basic tenets remain widely accepted. During Aging, changes in cognitive abilities seem to decline. This decline may be due to factors such as slow processing of information. Moreover, aging also show declines in memory performance, partly because they use fewer encoding strategies for remembering information and partly because they use fewer cues to retrieve information from memory. But long – term storage itself appears to be relatively unaffected by aging and, under favorable conditions, the elderly are nearly as good as young adults at remembering information. Further, laboratory studies indicate that performance on a variety of problem-solving tasks declines with age. But these studies also show that training and practice can markedly improve older adults` problem-solving performance. What is more, when tasks are familiar and the subjects have experience with them, they show little or no decline in performance with age. Older people have accumulated a lifetime of experience, knowledge, and wisdom that they bring to everyday tasks, and this can offset cognitive deficits that may occur (Canestrari, 1986). The picture of inevitable severe intellectual impairment that many people have of the elderly is therefore, a misconception. So, when we consider each of these life events though discussed separately, we will see that each of these two major threads in the development (biological and cognitive) of the individual are interwoven. Hence, we cannot separate one from the other and thus must be considered when studying about an individual’s development or life-span changes. References Canestrari, R. E. , Jr. (1986). Age changes in acquisition. In G. A. Talland (Ed. ) Human Aging and Behavior (pp. 169-188). New York: Academic Press. Cowan, W. M. (1997). The development of the brain. Scientific American, 241, 113-133. Cowart, B. J. (1981). Development of taste perception in humans: Sensitivity and preference throughout the life span. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 43-73. Creasy, H. & Rappport, S. I. (1985). The aging human brain. Annals of Neurology, 17,2-10. Eichorn, D. H. (1997). Biological Development: Current foci of research. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed. ), Handbook of infant development (pp. 253-282). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Miller, A. K. H. , Altson, R. L. , & Corsellis, J. H. N. (1980). Variation with age in the volume of grey and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres of man. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 6, 119-132. Parmelee, A. H. , Jr. , & Sigman , M. D. (1983). Prenatal brain development and behavior. Handbook of child psychology, Vol II (95-1550. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Piaget, J. (1983). Piaget`s theory. In W. Kessen (Ed. ), Handbook of child psychology (4th ed. ). History , theory, and methods 9pp. 103-128). New York: John Wiley & Sons

Target Audience

Define your target audience. What are some characteristics associated with your target audience? One of the main drivers of Anheuser-Busch’s success over the past 150 years has been its ingenuity and innovation in advertising and marketing. As times changed, Anheuser-Busch always has created new ways to connect beer drinkers with its products (Marketing and Advertising, 2011). With the merge between Anheuser-Busch and Grupo Modelo we want to appeal to a broader range of people. Combined we hope to be the number one beer company in the world.Our goal is to appeal to the energetic young crowd and the business savvy older crowd. In the U. S. , beer is generally marketed to adult males. It is also closely associated with sporting events in which men represent over 80% of total US beer sales. Here at Anheuser-Busch and Grupo Modelo we do not want to alienate our broader consumer base. We will be sure to capitalize on the consumers that each company can bring individually but put ou r main focus on obtaining new consumers. Right now our target audience would consist of men and women between the ages 21 to 44 that are all over America and Spanish countries.Although our range is quite large there are separate target audiences with different characteristics for different beers. We are glad that we can target different ages and types of people through different beers. We feel it is important that we have a different types of beers for any palette. Our consumers are the ones that keep us alive and we make sure we conduct all our market research to give them what they want. The characteristics of our audience are very different for each beer. Budweiser is a very popular beer amongst males between the ages 21-34.Young adult males that are die hard sports fans are the largest population of beer drinkers. Budweiser serves their needs by providing them with top quality beer they enjoy as well as providing products such as apparel that intertwines with their sports team / person they enjoy (Quincy, S. , 2010). Corona is a very popular beer amongst males ages 21-35, and more now then ever before, females are becoming avid beer drinkers with the likings of Corona Lime. They are confident, fun people who don’t take life too seriously. They are past needing their buddies’ approval of the beer they drink.They believe that the mainstream beers everyone else is drinking don’t match the person they are–or the person they want to be. They’re open to change. They want a beer that reflects their personality. And they appreciate what Corona offers: an escape from the ordinary (Corona Extra: Miles Away From Ordinary. , 2006). Stella Artois is another popular beer, but it is popular amongst the older crowd. The consumer age range for this beer is 25-44. Beer drinkers age 25-34 are eighty-one percent more likely to drink Stella than other consumers in the projected population.Those between the ages 35-44 were eighteen percent mor e likely than the projected population to drink Stella Artois. Education seems to be a large factor in the Stella consumer. Data shows that the higher education a person has, the more likely they are to drink Stella. The typical Stella consumer is most often well educated with at least a college degree, if not a Masters Degree or higher. This audience consists of professionals such as doctors, lawyers, bankers, etc. (Ali, A. , & Smith, K. (2011). Appealing to so many different types of people is one aspect that we feel will make us successful in the long run.References Marketing and Advertising. (2011). Retrieved July 15, 2012, from http://anheuser-busch. com/s/ index. php/our-heritage/history/marketing-and-advertising/ Quincy, S. (2010). Budweiser: A Marketing Analysis. Retrieved from http://www. rantrave. com/Rave/ Budweiser-A-Marketing-Analysis. aspx Corona Extra: Miles Away From Ordinary. (2006). Retrieved 2012, from http://s3. amazonaws. com/ effie_assets/2006/367/2006_367_pdf_ 1. pdf Ali, A. , & Smith, K. (2011). Stella Artois Campaign [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved July 15, 2012, from http://www. slideshare. net/KDSdesign/stella-campaign

William Shakespeares Macbeth Plot Summary

William Shakespeares Macbeth Plot Summary Macbeth, the play which is considered  Shakespeare’s most intense tragedy, is condensed into this plot  summary, capturing the essence and important plot points of the Bard’s shortest play. Macbeth Summary King Duncan hears of Macbeth’s heroics at war and bestows the title Thane of Cawdor on him. The current Thane of Cawdor has been deemed a traitor and the king orders that he be killed. The Three Witches Unaware of this, Macbeth and Banquo meet three witches on a heath who predict that Macbeth will inherit the title and eventually become king. They tell Banquo that he will be happy and that his sons will inherit the throne. Macbeth is then informed that he has been named Thane of Cawdor and his belief in the witches’ prophecy is confirmed. King Duncans Murder Macbeth contemplates his fate and Lady Macbeth encourages him to act to ensure the prophecy is realized. A feast is organized to which King Duncan and his sons are invited. Lady Macbeth hatches a plot to kill King Duncan while he sleeps and encourages Macbeth to carry out the plan. After the murder, Macbeth is full of regret. Lady Macbeth scorns him for his cowardly behavior. When Macbeth realizes that he has forgotten to leave the knife at the scene of the crime, Lady Macbeth takes over and completes the deed. Macduff finds the dead King and Macbeth accuses the Chamberlains of murder. King Duncan’s sons flee in fear of their lives. Banquos Murder Banquo questions the witches’ predictions and wants to discuss them with Macbeth. Macbeth sees Banquo as a threat and employs murderers to kill him and his son, Fleance. The murderers botch the job and only manage to kill Banquo. Fleance flees the scene and is blamed for his father’s death. Banquos Ghost Macbeth and Lady Macbeth host a feast to lament the death of the King. Macbeth sees Banquo’s ghost sitting in his chair and his concerned guests soon disperse. Lady Macbeth urges her husband to rest and forget his wrongdoings, but he decides to meet with the witches again to discover his future. Prophesies When Macbeth meets the three witches, they concoct a spell and conjure apparitions to answer his questions and predict his fate. A bodiless head appears and warns Macbeth to fear Macduff. Then a bloody child appears and assures him that â€Å"none of woman born shall harm Macbeth.† A third apparition of a crowned child with a tree in his hand tells Macbeth that he will not be vanquished until â€Å"Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.† Macduffs Revenge Macduff travels to England to help Malcolm (King Duncan’s son) avenge his father’s death and overthrow Macbeth. By this time, Macbeth has already decided that Macduff is his enemy and kills his wife and son. Lady Macbeths Death The doctor observes Lady Macbeth’s strange behavior. Every night she acts out washing her hands in her sleep as if trying to wash away her guilt. She dies shortly after. Macbeths Final Battle Malcolm and Macduff have assembled an army in Birnam Wood. Malcolm suggests the soldiers each cut down a tree in order to advance on the castle unseen. Macbeth is warned that the wood seems to be moving. Scoffing, Macbeth feels confident that he will be victorious in battle as his predicted invincibility that â€Å"none of woman born shall harm him† will protect him. Macbeth and Macduff finally confront each other. Macduff reveals that he was ripped from his mother’s womb in an untimely manner, so the â€Å"none of woman born† prophesy does not apply to him. He kills Macbeth and holds his head aloft for all to see before declaring Malcolm’s rightful place as king.

What an Average Essay Writing Service Can Do for You

What an Average Essay Writing Service Can Do for You What an Average Essay Writing Service Can Do for You As a student, there are many more reasons to use an essay writing service beyond the quintessential plagiarism schemes where students pay a writer to produce a model paper for them. While this is certainly something possible, it is just the tip of the iceberg. Using an essay writing service you can get: Model Paper (Obviously) Of course the first thing people think of is getting a model paper on their topic or type of an essay so that they can use that as an example. This is great because it often offers ideas for structure and for references students might want, which can cut down on research time. Proofread/Edited Essay One of the best reasons for working with a service is that they can edit or proofread content you produce. You can make sure you have citations properly formatted in APA or that your tenses remain the same throughout the text by working with a professional. You can avoid being marked down severely by doing this. Topic Ideas for Academic Papers If you are struggling to come up with a topic for your assignment, you can look to writing companies for lists of potential ideas. Tips on How to Improve the Style and Content With each draft of a paper you want to submit, an editor can look over your content for issues with style and content, helping you to ensure the first narrative essay you write or the first compare and contrast essay you produce is great and on point. This is a wonderful tool for students who are trying to complete an essay they have never done before. Constructive Criticism It can be difficult to get the constructive criticism you need from your teacher or from your classmates, especially if you only turn in your paper to your teacher and only receive a quick grade. If you use a writing service, they can give you the constructive criticism you need to make sure your final draft is perfect. This is great when you are working through a long term project. Tips on How Your English Must Be Improved You can submit drafts of work you have done or provide a portfolio of your recent work to a writing service. After this, they can review your work and give you tips on what things you should work to improve. This is great for second language learners. You might not realize that indefinite articles or past tense are problematic or that you have issues with them in each paper you write. But a writing service can review your work and highlight what areas you might want to improve for next time. Again, an essay writing service can provide you with many forms of assistance as a student. You should not be so quick to judge what they have to provide especially when you will face many types of tasks as a student.

Stage 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stage 2 - Essay Example One of the requirements of this response is that the database must be regularly updated upon arrival of a new customer. Employees should also provide time and day when they can offer the best to customers. This process of linking customers and employee is facilitated by Myra just by a click of button leading to direct contact of top management and clients. Donald H. Sheldon (2006) notes that, â€Å"No role that is important to ensure success of a master scheduling than that of top management.† In conclusion, UMUC haircut is transforming organization input to output using business processes to develop a scheduling system. Waite (2008) observed that this conversion leads to effective and efficient customer needs satisfaction. In addition to this, UMUC haircut customers can be sent personalized messages using phone number and notified on the availability of the service. According to Turaban, Volonino and Wood (2013), the use of recent technology such as tablets and ipads has contributed to fast reporting process and cost cutting of expenses broadband. This will highly contribute to the reduction of customer delays in premises resulting to attraction of more customers thus leading to a competitive

Disaster Relief Plan Evaluation of Effectiveness Essay

Disaster Relief Plan Evaluation of Effectiveness - Essay Example re always some issues that are specific to a particular country, which in our case is Thailand, here transparency of the utilization of the relief funds and corruption are considered to be the major issues by the foreign or domestic donor and relief agencies. Without the proper and adequate evaluation of these issues proper Disaster Management Plan could not be evaluated. The most important element when evaluating any disaster relief plan is the integrity, honesty, coordination and availability of the local administration. Relief work would be very difficult if these elements are not available. After that one should consider the accessibility and logistic support available in the affected areas, because it is necessary to determine to scope of relief work. And it should be followed by the availability of trained and qualified professional, who could coup with any particular emergency or disaster. Gathering the support and trust of the locals administration is also very important, this would ensure the security of the relief team and adds to the capacity building of the relief work. Collection, storing and distribution of supplies is of fundamental importance, a good plan must cover these issues, this could be easily achieved through the participation from corporate or private sector of the country (Jaffin & Bob, 2008) As discussed earlier, the misappropriation and corruption in the relief funds is the main issue which the international community closely monitor when considering any relief effort for Thailand. Lack of transparency would cause a sense of unrest and lack of trust in the Sovereign Government, by the foreign or domestic fund or relief agencies. This issue would be of utmost importance when considering any disaster relief plan for Thailand. Efforts to mitigate and reduce the corruption in the funds received for relief of those affected by a catastrophe must be ensured. The foreign and Non-governmental agencies involved in the relief work must ensure

Fourwinds Marina case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fourwinds Marina case study - Assignment Example In terms of strengths, the Four Winds Marina has a lot of previous business experience. It is also catering to loyal domestic clients who frequent it on a regular basis. With charges of 21 to 33 dollars per night, the marina is also quite affordable for the majority of citizens. The Four Winds also has extensive grounds and numerous amenities which make it possible for improvements to be made, signaling a potentially high rate of growth. In regards to weaknesses, the Four Winds Marina has not been experiencing peak performance in spite of the hiring of an assortment of general managers. The general manager of the Four Winds could also be a liability if he is completely unable to fully understand all the operations that are required in order for improvements to be realized more technical operations. Keltner is already saddled with responsibilities, as it stands more technical operations. He may need to speak with his boss, Taggart, about the possibility of hiring other skilled and acc omplished assistants who will leave him free to make decisions in what he feels comfortable with, while leaving the other, more technical operations, to his more accomplished junior assistants. This will also ensure that the general manager does not grow too tired with his responsibilities. Sandy has also not invested in more research and development operations that may be necessary to remain relevant. In terms of opportunities, there are numerous developments that the marina is looking to effect.

Reception of photography

Reception of photography Using a broad range of critical, satirical, and photographic texts, assess the cultural reception of photography in the mid nineteenth century. The mid nineteenth century was a time of great technological advancement, and a more modern way of living came to be that bought with it significant cultural and social change. The industrial age was in full swing (as a consequence of the recent development of the steam engine), and photography was an exciting (but also intimidating) technology that caused incredible debate surrounds its status as an art form, and also the ethical and social issues its conception invoked. Although Daguerre/Fox Talbots Victorian audience were generally a receptive and willing one ready to embrace new and exciting technology (Goldberg 1991), there is significant evidence that shows a mixed cultural reception in regards to the emergence of early photographic processes. Wells (2004 p.12) states that: hailed as a great technological invention, photography immediately became the subject of debates concerning its aesthetic status and social uses Henisch (1994 pg.2) agrees stating intense controversies raged concerning its status and role in society. Photography had a huge impact on the Victorian society, and in 1839 artist Paul Delaroche is said to have claimed hysterically upon first seeing a daguerreotype photograph, from this day painting is dead. Japanese artist Renjio Shinoke also reportedly snapped his paintbrushes and become a pioneer of early Japanese photography (Eastman 1962). Whilst these examples are clearly overt exaggerations (almost to the point of satire) , they also highlight genuine fears and anxieties felt by artists (especially portrait) and critics alike, which stimulated and engaged the Victorian society in a plethora of debates surrounding the cultural, ethical and social impact the emergence of photography raised . The majority accepted its ability to record mechanically accurate images that are free of discrimination, but photographys status as an art form (or a creative medium) was much less certain , and something that was fiercely contested. Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867), a French Poet artist (and well known and very vocal critic of early photography) wrote: If photography is allowed to deputize for art, it will not be long before it has supplanted or corrupted art altogether (Baudelaire 1859 pg.297) Baudelaire suggests photography simply should not be allowed to supplant more traditional artistic methods, and to allow it do so would not only undermine, or negatively impact art, but corrupt it altogether. Baudelaire was not alone, as Goldberg (1991 pg.10) declares William Wordsworth shared in Baudelaires cynical view of photography, and in the 1840s penned a sonnet which declared the degradation of mans noblest attire', and expressed fears that a dumb art would lead his once-intellectual land back to the caves. Here Wordsworth is stipulating photographys potential to instigate the death of human intellect, and again, whilst such arguments are surely sensationalist, these declarations shows that not only was there an opposition to photographys ability to render art useless, but also a fear that its mechanical nature would dumb down society by removing a large part of the human aspect from the creative process. Both views show people believed (among what we can consider high artist s) that photography was a genuine threat to the fine arts of the time. Perhaps artists felt threatened by the technology? Threatened by its ability to so effortlessly paint reality, and ultimately achieve what they had been trying to do for long? Satirical publications in circulation in the mid nineteenth century, of which Punch magazine was the most popular, produced a number of cartoons highlighting these very issues. One such untitled illustration (1860 pg. 140) portrays a fashionable photographer forbidding smoking in his studio, as he declares himself not a common artist. Clearly an underhanded attack on the attitudes photographers took to their work which wasnt shared by their critics. Another satirical sketch, titled How the Famous Photographer Nadar Elevates Photography to the Level of Art show the French artist and photographer Fà ©lix Nadar taking to the sky in an air balloon, clutching a camera under his arm, physically lifting photography into the realms of high art. Su ch a picture of absurdity is surely meant to openly ridicule photography and its quest to be recognised as fine art. The latter picture serves a secondary purpose though, as Nadar was famous for his unsuccessful attempt to build a gigantic air balloon named Le Gà ©ant (or The Giant) around the same time as his photographic exploits. These are just two examples of many cartoons published around the mid nineteenth century that served to ridicule not only photographys quest for a higher status, but also many criticized the photographic studios and the rising popularity of carte de visite . In the photographic studios defence, famous photographic studio owner Richard Beard ran a series of advertisements for his business that served as much to promote his business as they did to promote photography as an art form. Close scrutiny of one of his earliest advertisements (Beard 1843) circulated in 1843 reveals the words Photography is indeed as grand a step in the fine arts as the steam engi ne was in the mechanical arts. This isnt to say everybody had difficulty accepting photography as true art, as many did indeed lament the skill that was required of a competent photographer, and the innate talent required to turn out a successful exposure. A Victorian periodical titled Once a Week published in 1862 states that To produce a good photograph, it requires a thoroughly artistic hand. Francious Argo (1930), when asked by the French government to assess the daguerreotypes successes concluded that M Daguerres wonderful discovery is an immense service rendered to art. This prompted the French government to subsidise Daguerre a pension of 6,000 francs for life, and his son 4,000 on the understanding they could use and adapt it for their own need (Goldberg 1991). Newell states that Argos memorandum mustnt be taken as a reflection of the attitudes of all artists to the new discovery. It appears that it was mainly established artists that held the biggest contempt for photograph y, and I believe not only suggests a fear for their livelihoods, but also a fear that the status of artist, usually reserved for a chosen few, would know be available to anyone with enough money to purchase a camera. It is difficult to truly gauge just how profoundly photography affected art in these early days, but it can be certain it was definitely believed at least possible by many that photography could be a form of artistic expression. as Goldberg (1981 pg.20) states photography and art have always been tangled, are tangled still. Millions of daguerreotype portrait photographs were taken in the 1840s and 1850s (to the dismay of photographys critics) as it began to supersede the more traditional painted portraitures. As Goldberg (1991 pg.12) states: After 1839 people who were not wealthy enough to commission portraits by a painter like Jean-Augusta-Dominique Ingres were no longer had to do with silhouettes and stiff pink renditions of their faces turned out by itinerant painters Portrait painters simply couldnt supply the demand necessary, and the affordability and fast turnaround of mainly studio based daguerreotype photographers (there were also the travelling carts) could offer was simply impossible to match. Photographic studios were the staple of early photography, the most famous of which were the Beard chain of studios (aptly ran by Richard Beard) which began opening in London in 1943. His studios were incredibly successful and lucrative business opportunity at the time, as the deal he made with Daguerre (who held the patent to his process) ensured his studios were the only ones in the UK throughout the early years of photography. Punch magazine (18 ran numerous satirical cartoons that highlighted what appears to be a clear distaste for the photographic studio. One cartoon named Step in, and be done sir! features a cat trying to lure a mouse into a photographic studio. More an echo of the society in which photography was operating, this piece could be looked at in a number of different ways. Perhaps the photographer being the cat (fat cat) and the enchanted lower/middle classes being the mice, echoing how the sitters are led into the studios under what could be considered false pretences in order to have their money relieved of them. Julia F Munro (2009 pg.167) states: George Dodd personified the by-then popular process of photography as the optical stranger, and as [s]trange, scientific, mournful, all at once. Such a figuration typifies the Victoria reaction to the uncanny qualities of the new technology. This statement was retrieved from an article entitled Busy with the photograph, published on April 29th 1854, and encapsulates the mixed reactions of the Victorian public towards early photography and more importantly the photographic studio. The idea of the optical stranger was one that was re-enforced by La Gazette de France in 1839, as they declared the invention of photography upsets all scientific theories of light and optics. The whole act of having ones picture taken was seen by many as a mysterious and bizarre concept, and the resulting exposures were often cited as too-real images (Munro 2009 p.168) and encouraged diverse reaction, ranging from that of excitement, to anxiety and fear, often leading to suggestions of magic (the transfiguration of the common photographer to the role of a magician or illusionist). Literature from the mid nineteenth century is rife with personal accounts of visits to local daguerreotype photographers studios and the wonders of photography. A le tter, published in the Times newspaper in 1852, where-by a middle aged man talks of his recent visit to a photography studio discusses how with a fluttering heart he approaches the mysterious apartment. He is of course simply referring to a typical early photographic studio setup, but these anxieties were very real for the everyday person. Another letter, written by a women this time, was published in the Times newspaper in 1854 describes the photographer disappearing into a mysterious closet and alludes to some hocus pocus being indulged in before he returns with the exposed plate. The photos were perceived as taking on a life of their own to a naive Victorian subject. The tone and lack of colour often provoked reactions of dismay, and many linked what were known as the dark mysterious chambers to execution houses (Munro 2009). The small stiff chairs (encouraging the sitter to sit upright), complete with leg clamps. Further controversy was sown by the nature of daguerreotype. Many referred the way a photograph could only be viewed in certain light, and as Munro (2009 pg.172) puts it seemingly wasnt to be seen one moment, only to burst into view the next. Being photographed and indeed even seeing a photograph were completely new and exotic experiences. For many Victorians, photography was too-real, and a large part of the fear was simply a natural reaction to the newness of the communicative medium, and novelty of a strange new and exotic process (Munro 2009 pg.169). The quoted realness of the photos could suggest a sense of fear relating to just how life like the photos were to a first time viewer, or suggest a much more deep routed fear related to magic and the unknown. It wasnt only the daguerreotype that achieved large scale success among the Victorian public. A large trade in what was known as carte de visite photographs soon came about after their circulation became widespread, as highlighted in the Victorian periodical Once a Week. Carte de visite photo graphs were small paper portrait photographs which usually originated from the albumen process (which allowed for paper based prints to be made from the negative, meaning it was a simple process to produce copies). Once a Week (1862 pg 135) states Literary men have a constant sale and their carte de visites were bought for every album. It becomes clear that collecting these small portrait photographs of the rich and famous was a popular pastime among the middle classes. It became so popular among the middle classes that it was often referred to as Cardomania (Once a Week 1862). We can clearly see that there was a need for photography, but these needs arose after its introduction and were not in place before its conception. There was certainly something about early photography which caused an anxiety in the general public, but also fascinated them enough to endure it (even embrace it). It is now widely accepted that photography wasnt truly discovered until 1839, as it was then that Daguerre and Fox Talbot made their discoveries of early photographic processes, the daguerreotype and calotype respectively, and shared them with the world. Goldberg (1991) agrees that it was much earlier when people began to realise a need and take interest in using light as a way of recording images, the need to preserve a moment accurately and without discrimination. Goldberg (1991 pg.10) goes on to state that desire was abroad to catch nature in a net, and that photography came to serve a much needed purpose, one that had been recognised much earlier that its first conception. Indeed as early as the late eighteenth century, devices such as the camera obscura (optical device used mainly to aid drawing) and camera lucida (a piece of technology which allowed artists the ability to precisely record contours of landscape) were rife, and captured the eye of professional and amateur artists alike. Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877), sometimes referred to as the Grandfather of Photography, was one of many people searching for an answer to the void that existed before the conception of photography, and was most interested in its ability to record nature accurately. Talbot states is his manual The Pencil of Nature (1844) that his photography should be thought of as photogenic drawing. Talbot (1844) goes on to say he pursued his development of the calotype photographic process mainly as a result of his poor ability as an artist. Lewis (1996 pg.16) states: The canon of images to which we are so attached reveals as much and perhaps more about the intervening century Talbots photography, The Open Door for instance, appears to serve very little artistic purpose, and could merely be interpreted as a mechanically accurate recording, something he was simply incapable of doing by hand. On the other it could be seen as an example of how photography could supplant the more traditional arts, an early example of the photographers ability to shape, to frame, and to manipulate reality how he saw fit. We may never know, as whilst we are able to appreciate early photographs, it is impossible to know the original context, how they were read, and indeed, what made them meaningful to the society of which they were a product. It is even more difficult to gauge the early intentions of photographic pioneers. Many widely believed that photography was going to bring a truth to society that had never been seen, its potential as a truth bearer, and an accurate recorder of history. Ernst Mach, an Austrian empiricist (ironically) stated How tranquil politics will be!, an d even the notorious critic Baudelaire (1859 pg. 297) stated photography could be considered a handmade of the arts and sciences although he goes on to say a very humble handmaid. Society became increasingly aware of its benefits as a scientific tool and embraced the possibilities this afforded with open arms: A new found purpose perhaps, a commitment to relating to truth? As Goldberg (1981 pg. 16) states: The engine was an extension of the muscle, the telegraph a superhuman voice, and the photograph an unblinking eye with a new outlook on history and knowledge Baudelaire (1859) also suggests photography was merely a sign of the times, showing that links were made between the mechanical nature of photography and societies rising industrial prowess and reliance on machines. The unstoppable rise of industry so to speak. Wells (2004) states a society will also invest and put time into developing new technologies in order to help satisfy previously unseen social needs, and goes on to summarise (2004 pg. 12) that photography was a consequence, and not a cause of culture. I believe that photography was not a cause of change, but an answer to an unforeseen social need brought about by the emerging modern metropolitan lifestyle. It has become clear to me that there certainly was a need for photography, and the Victorians were fascinated with it, whether they loved it or hated it. As Bede (1855) begins is his satirical book Photographic Pleasure with a metaphor comparing men and womens intrigue with photography to the same intrigue they hold for a h uman child: The ladies are enamoured of him: The gentlemen evince their affection by suggestions for his improvement, and by general attention to his welfare.All are fond of him: everyone is declaring that he is the most beautiful baby yet born to Science. It is entirely feasible that the reason it raised such widespread controversy, why it was so widely debated, and ultimately why it was so popular as an amateur hobby or leisure pursuit was simply because the technology was still in its infancy. It was still new, and fresh. Artists were fearful of photography , not only because their jobs were endangered, but also their status as artists. A profession usually only available to a truly gifted few now had the potential to be available to anyone. These critics only served to fuel the anxieties that were common place among the general public, but, despite this, the public did allow photography room to grow (albeit carefully, and with great caution and concern). It was a new technology which people needed time to come to terms with, time to understand, and time to flourish and co-exist peacefully with other more established art forms in the new, fast paced, and modern Victorian metropolitan lifestyle. Bibliography WELLZ, L. 2004. Photography: A critical introduction. Oxford: Routledge. CLARKE, G. 1997. The Photograph. Oxford: Oxford University Press. BAUDELAIRE, C. 1859. The Salon of 1859. Unknown. BRIGGS, A. 1998. A Victorian Portrait. London: Cassell Publishers Limited. GOLDBERG, V. 1991. The Power of Photography: How photographs changed our lives. New York: Abbeville Publishing Group. BEARD, R. 1843. Advertisement [Accessed 2rd December 2009]. Available from: http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/73604552/Hulton-Archive GOLDBERG, V. 1981. Photography in Print: Writings from 1816 to the present. New York: University of New Mexico Press GREEN-LEWIS, J. 1996. Framing the Victorians. New York: Cornell University Press. HEINZ, K. 1994. The Photographic Experience 1839-1914. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. MARIEN, M. 1997. Photography and its Critics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MUNRO, J. F. July 2009 The Optical Stranger: Photographic anxieties in British periodical literature of the 1840s and 1850s. Journal of early popular visual culture 7(2) pp167-183. UNKNOWN. 1860 Punch magazine October 6th. p.140 UNKNOWN. 1861 Punch magazine June 1st pg.221 ARGO, F. 1930 Bulletin de la Socià ©tà © Fran?aise de Photographie NEWELL, B., and R. DOTY. 1962. The value of photography to the artist, 1839. The Bulletin of the George Eastman House of Photography [online]. 11 (6), [Accessed December 2nd 2009], pp. 25-40. Available From: http://image.eastmanhouse.org/files/GEH_1962_11_06.pdf Daumier, H. 1862. How the Famous Photographer Nadar Elevates Photography to the Level of Art [Accessed 3rd December 2009]. Available from: http://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/463-5227 BEDE, C. 1855. Photographic Pleasures. London: T McLean. UNKNOWN. 1862 Once a Week. Unknown TALBOT, H. F. 1844. The Open Door [Accessed 4th December 2009]. Available from: http://cai.ucdavis.edu/waters-sites/aesthetic_movement/opendoorphoto.jpg BEARD, R. 1843. Advertisement [Accessed 2rd December 2009]. Available from: http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/73604552/Hulton-Archive Daumier, H. 1862. How the Famous Photographer Nadar Elevates Photography to the Level of Art [Accessed 3rd December 2009]. Available from: http://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/463-5227 TALBOT, H. F. 1844. The Open Door [Accessed 4th December 2009]. Available from: http://cai.ucdavis.edu/waters-sites/aesthetic_movement/opendoorphoto.jpg